A 60-year-old male with a history of hypertension and chronic kidney disease presents with severe back pain, hematuria, and flank tenderness. His blood pressure is 180/100 mmHg, and his serum creatinine is elevated. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 30-year-old male presents with shortness of breath, cyanosis, and tachypnea following a motor vehicle accident. His chest X-ray shows a pleural effusion. His arterial blood gases show PaO2 55 mmHg and PaCO2 35 mmHg. What is the most appropriate initial management for this patient?

A 50-year-old male presents with sudden-onset shortness of breath, tachypnea, and pleuritic chest pain. His ECG shows tachycardia with no ST-segment changes. His D-dimer is elevated. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 65-year-old female with a history of hypertension and coronary artery disease presents with sudden-onset severe chest pain, dyspnea, and shock. Her ECG shows ST-segment elevation in leads V1-V4. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 45-year-old female presents with fever, tachycardia, hypotension, and oliguria. Her urine output is 100 mL over the last 8 hours. What is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?

A 25-year-old female presents with severe headache, nausea, and vomiting. She is also noted to have papilledema on fundoscopic examination. Her CT scan shows non-contrast imaging without any acute intracranial pathology. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 60-year-old male with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) presents with increased shortness of breath, wheezing, and hypoxemia. His chest X-ray shows hyperinflation, and his arterial blood gas (ABG) shows pH 7.35, PaCO2 55 mmHg, and PaO2 50 mmHg. What is the most appropriate management for this patient?

A 70-year-old male with a history of chronic heart failure presents with dyspnea, hypotension, and cold extremities. His jugular venous pressure (JVP) is elevated, and his lungs have bilateral crackles. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 55-year-old female with a history of diabetes mellitus presents with altered mental status, tachypnea, abdominal pain, and fruity-smelling breath. Her blood glucose is 900 mg/dL, and her arterial pH is 7.1. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 25-year-old female presents with fever, lower abdominal pain, vaginal discharge, and dyspareunia. On pelvic examination, she has cervical motion tenderness. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 45-year-old male with a history of chronic alcohol use presents with delirium, tremors, and hypertension. His serum electrolytes show hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia. What is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 60-year-old male with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) presents with worsening shortness of breath and a productive cough. His physical exam reveals wheezing, distant breath sounds, and hyperresonance to percussion. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 65-year-old male with a history of hypertension and smoking presents with sudden-onset chest pain, shortness of breath, and hypotension. His ECG shows widened mediastinum, and a chest X-ray reveals a dissection of the aorta. What is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 50-year-old male with a history of alcohol abuse presents with confusion, ataxia, and nystagmus. His serum glucose is normal, and he is unable to recall recent events. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 45-year-old female presents to the ER with severe lower abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and hypotension. On examination, she has a hard, distended abdomen, and a positive McBurney's point tenderness. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 70-year-old male with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and hypertension presents with acute shortness of breath, hypoxemia, and elevated jugular venous pressure. His chest X-ray shows enlarged heart and bilateral pulmonary edema. What is the most likely cause of his symptoms?

A 45-year-old male presents to the ER with sudden-onset shortness of breath, sharp chest pain, and tachycardia. His ECG shows ST-segment elevation in leads II, III, and aVF. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 65-year-old female with a history of chronic kidney disease and hypertension presents with confusion, lethargy, and muscle weakness. Her serum sodium level is 118 mEq/L. What is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 55-year-old male with type 2 diabetes presents with altered mental status, severe vomiting, abdominal pain, and a fruity odor to his breath. His blood glucose level is 750 mg/dL, and his arterial pH is 7.2. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 25-year-old female presents with fever, hypotension, and diffuse abdominal tenderness after a recent miscarriage. Her laboratory studies show an elevated white blood cell count, and blood cultures are positive for gram-positive cocci in clusters. What is the most likely diagnosis?