A 45-year-old male with acute respiratory failure secondary to pneumonia is being considered for ECMO support. Which of the following is the most important factor to consider before initiating ECMO?

Which of the following is a primary indication for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) over intermittent hemodialysis?

A 33-year-old woman presents with unexplained thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, and renal failure. The patient also has diarrhea. What is the most likely diagnosis?

What is the most common complication of ECMO in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?

Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of ECMO?

A 58-year-old male on CRRT due to acute kidney injury (AKI) develops hypotension and is found to have an elevated lactate level. Which of the following is the most likely cause of his condition?

A 25-year-old woman is being treated for severe acute pancreatitis. She develops acute renal failure with oliguria. Which of the following would be most appropriate as the initial management strategy?

Which of the following is the hallmark of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA)?

A patient is on ECMO support for severe ARDS. The nursing staff reports that the patient's legs are swollen and cold to the touch. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these findings?

In the management of HUS, which of the following interventions is contraindicated?

A 45-year-old patient with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is being considered for venovenous ECMO (VV ECMO). Which of the following is the most appropriate strategy to monitor the adequacy of oxygenation during ECMO?

In a patient with HUS and renal failure, which of the following is most commonly used to manage the renal complications?

A 67-year-old woman with a history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus develops a progressive decrease in urine output. Serum creatinine rises, and she is started on CRRT. After several days, she becomes increasingly confused and exhibits asterixis. What is the most likely cause of her neurological changes?

A 32-year-old male with no significant medical history is admitted with severe pneumonia. He is placed on mechanical ventilation and develops worsening hypoxia. He is started on ECMO. Which of the following is the most significant complication associated with ECMO in the first 48 hours?

A 40-year-old woman with suspected thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is found to have microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal dysfunction. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial therapy?

A 54-year-old male with acute kidney injury (AKI) and hyperkalemia is being considered for CRRT. Which of the following is the most important reason to choose CRRT over intermittent hemodialysis in this patient?

A 30-year-old woman with suspected HUS presents with anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure. She is treated with supportive care and dialysis. Which of the following is contraindicated in this patient?

A patient on ECMO for refractory hypoxemic respiratory failure develops elevated lactate levels. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this elevated lactate?

A 22-year-old male is undergoing ECMO for severe ARDS. He suddenly develops a sudden onset of severe abdominal pain and distension. Which of the following is the most likely cause of his symptoms?

A 45-year-old male with severe acute pancreatitis is experiencing worsening renal function. He is started on CRRT. After 48 hours, he develops hyperkalemia despite treatment. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step?

A 28-year-old male with acute kidney injury (AKI) develops oliguria and metabolic acidosis despite aggressive fluid resuscitation. He is started on CRRT. During the first 24 hours, his urine output remains minimal, and his potassium level rises to 6.2 mEq/L. Which of the following is the most appropriate intervention?

Which of the following is the primary pathophysiological mechanism of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)?

A 36-year-old female with ARDS and refractory hypoxemia is being managed with VV ECMO. On day 3, she develops a new-onset fever, a productive cough, and purulent sputum. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A 55-year-old male with end-stage renal disease is undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. He suddenly develops hypotension, nausea, and dizziness during a dialysis session. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these symptoms?

A 42-year-old male develops thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. He is started on plasmapheresis, and his platelet count improves. However, the patient remains anuric and requires dialysis. Which of the following is the most appropriate dialysis modality for this patient?

Which of the following is the primary contraindication for the use of ECMO in patients with ARDS?

A 62-year-old male undergoing CRRT develops worsening metabolic acidosis despite increased dialysis clearance. What is the most likely cause of his acidosis?

A 50-year-old patient with ARDS is on VV ECMO for respiratory support. The patient has persistent fever, elevated white blood cell count, and new-onset purulent sputum. What is the most appropriate next step?

A 40-year-old woman with end-stage renal disease on dialysis is found to have thrombocytopenia, anemia, and renal dysfunction. Her platelet count continues to drop despite therapy. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Which of the following is the most important factor to consider when initiating CRRT in a critically ill patient with AKI?

A 48-year-old male with acute kidney injury (AKI) due to ischemic acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is started on continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). After 24 hours of CRRT, his condition worsens with persistent hypotension despite vasopressor support. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this persistent hypotension?

A 62-year-old male is being treated for sepsis-induced ARDS and requires ECMO support. His condition has improved, but after several days, he develops sudden leg swelling, pain, and pallor at the cannulation site. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 52-year-old female with a history of hypertension and diabetes presents with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. Her kidney function deteriorates rapidly, and she is diagnosed with thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 25-year-old female is diagnosed with HUS after a diarrheal illness caused by E. coli O157:H7. Which of the following is the primary treatment modality for this patient?

A 50-year-old male with ARDS and severe respiratory failure is being managed with VV ECMO. He develops sudden deterioration in oxygenation, with a drop in the oxygen saturation from 95% to 78%. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

A 40-year-old male with TTP requires plasmapheresis, but his platelet count continues to fall despite therapy. What is the most likely reason for the persistent thrombocytopenia in this patient?

A 60-year-old male undergoing CRRT for acute kidney injury develops confusion, lethargy, and asterixis. His blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels are elevated, and his potassium is 6.5 mEq/L. Which of the following interventions should be prioritized?

A 35-year-old male with ARDS requires ECMO for respiratory support. He develops a sudden increase in his arterial blood pressure, a decrease in oxygen saturation, and swelling at the cannulation site. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these findings?

A 55-year-old female with diabetes and hypertension presents with acute kidney injury (AKI) and is started on CRRT. After several days, her potassium level rises to 7.1 mEq/L. What is the most appropriate next step?

A 70-year-old male on ECMO for respiratory failure due to ARDS suddenly develops a new-onset hemoglobin drop, hypotension, and pallor. What is the most likely cause of these symptoms?

A 45-year-old female with a history of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypertension is diagnosed with acute kidney injury (AKI) due to a recent infection. Despite starting CRRT, her condition worsens with a rapid increase in creatinine and fluid overload. Which of the following is the most likely cause of her worsening condition?

A 30-year-old male with an arterial cannula for ECMO support develops decreased oxygen saturation and increasing blood gas abnormalities. The pump flow is stable, but there is a sudden decrease in venous return. What is the most likely cause of this complication?

A 65-year-old woman with severe hypertension is admitted with AKI and is started on CRRT. She develops oliguria and refractory metabolic acidosis. Her potassium is 7.0 mEq/L, and her bicarbonate level is 16 mEq/L. What is the most appropriate intervention to address her metabolic acidosis?

A 58-year-old male with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is admitted with a history of recurrent infections and septic shock. He is placed on CRRT for AKI. Which of the following is a common complication of CRRT in septic patients?

A 62-year-old male on ECMO for ARDS develops sudden onset of chest pain, hypotension, and tachycardia. The ECMO pump is running at a stable flow rate, and oxygenation is unchanged. What is the most likely cause of his symptoms?

A 36-year-old woman presents with a history of diarrhea followed by AKI and thrombocytopenia. She is diagnosed with Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS). What is the first-line treatment for HUS in adults?

A 50-year-old male on CRRT for acute kidney injury develops persistent hypotension, requiring high doses of vasopressors. His lactate level is elevated. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of his hemodynamic instability?

A 60-year-old male with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. During the session, he becomes hypotensive and develops dizziness and nausea. Which of the following is the most likely cause of his symptoms?

A 48-year-old male with a history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension is admitted to the ICU for ARDS and is placed on VV ECMO. After several days, his oxygenation improves, but he develops new-onset swelling and pain in the right leg. What is the most likely cause of this complication?

A 45-year-old male with a history of hypertension and diabetes presents with AKI and is placed on CRRT. Over the next several days, he develops signs of fluid overload (e.g., edema, increased weight). What is the most appropriate adjustment to his CRRT settings?