A 46-year-old female presents with a history of polyuria, polydipsia, and blurred vision. Her blood glucose level is 350 mg/dL, and her HbA1c is 11%. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial management?

A 58-year-old male with a history of chronic hypertension presents with sudden-onset left-sided weakness, slurred speech, and facial drooping. A CT scan of the brain reveals a hyperdense lesion in the right middle cerebral artery territory. What is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?

A 30-year-old male presents with polyarthritis, low-grade fever, and a butterfly-shaped rash across his cheeks and nose. His ANA test is positive, and his anti-dsDNA antibodies are elevated. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 25-year-old woman presents with abdominal pain, bloating, and diarrhea. She has recently returned from traveling in Southeast Asia. Her stool sample reveals trophozoites with a "falling leaf" motility. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 48-year-old male presents with progressive weight loss, night sweats, and enlarged cervical lymph nodes. A biopsy of the lymph node shows Reed-Sternberg cells. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A patient in the ICU requires continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) due to acute kidney injury. Which of the following parameters is most important to monitor during CRRT to ensure proper fluid balance?

A 60-year-old male with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is placed on ECMO. What is the primary physiological benefit of ECMO in this patient?

A 34-year-old female with severe anemia presents with a low hemoglobin level of 6 g/dL. Her peripheral blood smear reveals microcytic hypochromic red blood cells, and serum ferritin is low. What is the most likely diagnosis?

During the use of ECMO, which of the following complications is most commonly associated with prolonged anticoagulation therapy?

What is the primary mechanism of fluid removal during continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) in CRRT?

A patient with massive pulmonary embolism is placed on extracorporeal life support (ECLS) using ECMO. Which of the following is the primary role of ECMO in this scenario?

A 27-year-old male is undergoing CRRT, and his arterial blood gas shows a metabolic acidosis with a low bicarbonate level. The CRRT flow rate is set to 500 mL/hr. What is the most likely cause of the metabolic acidosis in this patient?

A 72-year-old female presents with severe pallor, fatigue, and tachycardia. Laboratory tests reveal a hemoglobin of 7 g/dL, a reticulocyte count of 15%, and a negative direct Coombs test. The most likely diagnosis is:

In an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) circuit, what is the primary risk associated with the use of high-flow settings on the pump?

A 35-year-old female with a history of sickle cell disease presents with chest pain, hypoxia, and fever. A chest X-ray shows infiltrates, and her arterial blood gases reveal a PaO2 of 65 mmHg. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A 55-year-old male presents with recurrent episodes of purpura and bleeding. Laboratory tests show a low platelet count and an elevated PT and aPTT. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

In CRRT, which of the following describes the role of ultrafiltration in managing fluid overload?

A patient with severe burns is admitted to the ICU. Which of the following formulas is commonly used to estimate the amount of fluid required during the first 24 hours following the burn injury?

A 45-year-old male with a history of chronic alcohol use presents with confusion, ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia. His serum thiamine levels are low, and a CT scan reveals no abnormalities. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 60-year-old male is admitted to the ICU for respiratory failure. His ABG shows a PaCO2 of 50 mmHg, pH of 7.28, and HCO3- of 24 mEq/L. What is the most likely cause of his acid-base disturbance?

A 72-year-old female presents with chest pain, shortness of breath, and hypotension. An ECG reveals a QRS complex of 160 ms and the patient has a prolonged QT interval. Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause these findings?

A 40-year-old male with a history of chronic kidney disease presents with a creatinine level of 5 mg/dL. Which of the following would be most appropriate for initiating renal replacement therapy (RRT)?

A 60-year-old female with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is placed on mechanical ventilation. Her ventilator settings are as follows: Tidal volume 400 mL, rate 12/min, PEEP 5 cm H2O, and FiO2 40%. What is the primary goal of using PEEP in this setting?

A 55-year-old male with a history of diabetes presents with fever, chills, and swelling in his left lower leg. An ultrasound reveals a thrombosis in the deep veins. Which of the following is the best initial treatment for this condition?

A 65-year-old male with a history of coronary artery disease is started on a continuous intravenous infusion of norepinephrine for septic shock. Which of the following is the primary mechanism of action of norepinephrine in this setting?

A 28-year-old female presents with fatigue, bruising, and petechiae. A peripheral blood smear shows large platelets and a low platelet count. The patient also has an elevated LDH. Which of the following conditions is most likely to be present?

In continuous venovenous hemodialysis (CVVHD), which of the following best describes the role of the dialysate in the process?

A 70-year-old male presents with increased fatigue, pallor, and dark-colored urine. He is diagnosed with hemolytic anemia. His peripheral smear reveals "bite cells" and "Heinz bodies." Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause?

A 68-year-old male with a history of smoking and hypertension presents with sudden-onset severe chest pain radiating to his back. His blood pressure is 180/110 mmHg, and a CT scan reveals a dissection of the ascending aorta. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 60-year-old female is being managed for septic shock in the ICU and is being treated with norepinephrine. Despite adequate fluid resuscitation, her blood pressure remains low. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in managing her shock?

A 56-year-old male with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock is placed on an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP). Which of the following best describes the primary mechanism by which the IABP improves cardiac output?

A 63-year-old male with traumatic brain injury is being monitored in the ICU. His intracranial pressure (ICP) is measured at 22 mmHg. Which of the following is the most appropriate first-line intervention to reduce ICP in this patient?

A 70-year-old female with a history of hypertension presents with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 10 following a motor vehicle accident. Which of the following neuromonitoring techniques would be most appropriate to assess her intracranial pressure (ICP)?

A 45-year-old male with cardiogenic shock is on invasive hemodynamic monitoring. His central venous pressure (CVP) is recorded at 18 mmHg. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this elevated CVP?

A patient with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is undergoing invasive hemodynamic monitoring in the ICU. The CVP is measured at 25 mmHg, and the patient exhibits signs of jugular venous distention and peripheral edema. Which of the following conditions is most likely contributing to this patient's elevated CVP?

A 78-year-old male with a history of ischemic heart disease is being monitored in the ICU after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). His central venous pressure (CVP) is measured at 4 mmHg, and his cardiac output is stable. Which of the following would most likely cause a decrease in CVP in this patient?

A 62-year-old male with a history of hypertension presents with acute onset of severe headache, vomiting, and confusion. A CT scan reveals a subarachnoid hemorrhage. Which of the following is the primary goal in the management of his intracranial pressure (ICP)?

A 56-year-old male with a history of hypertension presents with sudden onset of vertigo and imbalance. On examination, he has ataxia and nystagmus. Which of the following neuroimaging techniques would be most appropriate to identify a potential cerebellar infarction or hemorrhage?

A 58-year-old male with a history of atrial fibrillation presents with an acute ischemic stroke. His blood pressure is 190/110 mmHg, and he is at risk of further hemorrhagic transformation. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial management strategy to control his blood pressure?

A 72-year-old male is being monitored with intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring following a traumatic brain injury. His ICP remains elevated despite conservative measures. Which of the following interventions would be most appropriate to further reduce ICP?

A 58-year-old male with a history of chronic alcohol use presents with confusion, jaundice, and ascites. His liver function tests show elevated transaminases, prolonged prothrombin time, and a low albumin level. Which of the following is the most likely underlying pathophysiology causing his symptoms?

A 65-year-old male presents with a sudden, severe headache, nausea, and loss of consciousness. A non-contrast CT scan reveals a large subdural hematoma. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 50-year-old female with a history of hypertension and diabetes presents with sudden-onset left-sided weakness and slurred speech. An MRI confirms an ischemic stroke in the right middle cerebral artery territory. What is the most important factor in determining whether she is a candidate for thrombolytic therapy?

A 55-year-old male with a history of smoking and COPD presents with increasing shortness of breath and a productive cough. His arterial blood gas (ABG) shows a pH of 7.35, PaCO2 of 60 mmHg, and PaO2 of 55 mmHg. What is the most appropriate initial management for this patient?

A 74-year-old female with a history of chronic renal insufficiency is admitted to the ICU with septic shock. Which of the following hemodynamic parameters is most commonly used to assess fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients?

A 65-year-old male is being treated with an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) following a heart attack complicated by cardiogenic shock. Which of the following best describes the effect of IABP on coronary artery perfusion?

A 40-year-old female with a history of hypertension presents with sudden-onset right-sided weakness and facial droop. A CT scan of the brain is unremarkable. The neurologist suspects a transient ischemic attack (TIA). What is the next most appropriate step in management?

A 72-year-old male with a history of chronic renal disease and type 2 diabetes presents with worsening shortness of breath and orthopnea. His physical exam reveals jugular venous distention and bilateral rales. His serum creatinine is 2.5 mg/dL. What is the most likely cause of his symptoms?

A 45-year-old male with acute pancreatitis presents with respiratory distress and a rapid increase in heart rate. His ABG shows a pH of 7.28, PaCO2 of 38 mmHg, and PaO2 of 60 mmHg. What is the most likely cause of his respiratory abnormalities?

A 63-year-old female is admitted to the ICU with severe sepsis. Her blood pressure is persistently low despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Which of the following is the most appropriate nextstep in management?