Which of the following factors directly increases cardiac output?

Which of the following is the primary factor that drives the respiratory rate under normal conditions?

Which of the following antibiotics is most likely to cause nephrotoxicity?

Which of the following is characteristic of iron deficiency anemia?

Which of the following medications is a GLP-1 receptor agonist used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes?

The ventral horn of the spinal cord is primarily involved in which of the following functions?

Which of the following is the causative organism for tuberculosis?

Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with prolonged vomiting?

Type I hypersensitivity reactions are primarily mediated by which of the following?

Which of the following is the most common site for a femoral hernia?

A 65-year-old patient presents with recurrent episodes of palpitations, dizziness, and a 12-lead ECG showing a regular rhythm at 160 beats per minute with narrow QRS complexes and absent P waves. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A patient taking warfarin for atrial fibrillation is started on a new antibiotic, rifampin, for a bacterial infection. What is the most likely effect of this interaction on the patient’s warfarin therapy?

A 30-year-old woman presents with weight loss, tachycardia, and heat intolerance. Serum tests show decreased TSH and elevated free T4 levels. An ultrasound of the thyroid reveals diffuse enlargement with no nodules. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 70-year-old man presents with right-sided hemiparesis and aphasia. A CT scan shows no acute hemorrhage. What is the most likely location of the ischemic event?

A 25-year-old woman with no significant medical history presents with easy bruising, prolonged bleeding after dental procedures, and a family history of similar symptoms. Laboratory tests show a prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and normal prothrombin time (PT). Mixing studies correct the aPTT. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A 45-year-old woman with a history of dry eyes, dry mouth, and joint pain is found to have positive anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB antibodies. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 45-year-old male with a history of chronic alcohol use presents with jaundice, ascites, and spider angiomata. His liver function tests reveal an elevated AST, ALT, and bilirubin level, with a markedly elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 60-year-old woman presents with confusion and lethargy. Her blood gas shows a pH of 7.30, PCO2 of 55 mmHg, and HCO3- of 22 mEq/L. What is the most likely cause of her acid-base disturbance?

A 25-year-old male presents with fever, rash, and joint pain. He has recently returned from a trip to Central Africa. A peripheral blood smear shows ring-shaped trophozoites in red blood cells. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 40-year-old woman presents with sudden-onset severe right lower quadrant abdominal pain, nausea, and fever. On examination, she has tenderness at McBurney’s point and rebound tenderness. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 60-year-old man with a history of hypertension and coronary artery disease presents with progressive dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. A physical exam reveals bilateral crackles, an S3 gallop, and pitting edema. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in managing a patient with a confirmed diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) who is being started on warfarin therapy?

Which of the following is the most appropriate first-line treatment for a patient with uncomplicated acute herpes zoster (shingles)?

A 55-year-old diabetic patient is admitted with sepsis. Over the past 48 hours, his serum creatinine has increased from 1.2 mg/dL to 3.5 mg/dL. His urine output has decreased to 250 mL over the last 24 hours. What is the most likely cause of his acute kidney injury (AKI)?

A 45-year-old woman presents with fatigue, weight gain, and purple striae on her abdomen. Her morning cortisol is elevated, and she has a suppressed ACTH level. Which of the following is the most likely cause of her symptoms?

A 25-year-old female presents with episodic wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness, particularly at night. Her symptoms are triggered by exercise and exposure to cold air. Pulmonary function tests show a reduced FEV1/FVC ratio that improves after inhalation of a short-acting beta-agonist. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 50-year-old male with a history of chronic alcohol use presents with jaundice, ascites, and confusion. His serum ammonia is elevated, and he has asterixis on physical examination. What is the most likely cause of his confusion?

A 68-year-old man presents with a resting tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity. He also has a shuffling gait and postural instability. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial pharmacologic treatment for Parkinson’s disease in this patient?

A 40-year-old woman with morning stiffness and symmetric joint pain, particularly in the wrists, knees, and hands, has positive rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA). What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 55-year-old man presents with severe, sudden-onset epigastric pain that radiates to the back. He has a history of chronic alcohol use. On examination, his abdomen is tender to palpation with guarding, and his serum lipase is markedly elevated. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 65-year-old woman presents with fatigue, pallor, and shortness of breath. Her hemoglobin is 8.5 g/dL, and her reticulocyte count is low. Iron studies show low ferritin and transferrin saturation. What is the most likely cause of her anemia?

A 40-year-old obese male with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes presents with confusion, polydipsia, polyuria, and a blood glucose of 820 mg/dL. His arterial blood gas shows a pH of 7.32, bicarbonate of 19 mEq/L, and a pCO2 of 30 mmHg. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 32-year-old woman presents with episodes of involuntary jerking movements of the left arm, which are preceded by an aura of strange taste and smell. After the jerking episodes, she is confused but has no loss of consciousness. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 55-year-old man with a history of chronic alcoholism presents with jaundice, ascites, and tender hepatomegaly. His liver function tests show elevated AST (3x normal), ALT (1.5x normal), and bilirubin, with a markedly elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 28-year-old woman presents with a malar rash, photosensitivity, and joint pain. Her laboratory findings show positive antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and anti-dsDNA antibodies. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 60-year-old man with a history of hypertension and diabetes presents with chest pain that radiates to his left arm, diaphoresis, and shortness of breath. His ECG shows ST elevation in leads II, III, and aVF. What is the most likely cause of his symptoms?

The patient’s symptoms (chest pain, diaphoresis, shortness of breath) along with ST elevation in leads II, III, and aVF on ECG suggest a STEMI involving the inferior wall of the heart, which is most often caused by occlusion of the right coronary artery. Unstable angina and NSTEMI do not cause ST elevation, and pericarditis typically causes diffuse ST elevation across many leads.

A 70-year-old woman with a history of osteoporosis presents after falling onto her outstretched hand. On examination, she has tenderness and swelling over the distal radius. X-rays show a dorsal angulation of the distal radius. What is the most likely fracture type?

A 25-year-old male presents with intermittent abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss over the past 6 months. He has a family history of inflammatory bowel disease. Colonoscopy reveals skip lesions and transmural inflammation. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 45-year-old man presents with swelling in his legs, frothy urine, and weight gain over the past few weeks. His urinalysis shows 4+ proteinuria, and serum albumin is low. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 50-year-old woman presents with weight loss, increased appetite, heat intolerance, and palpitations. On examination, she has a diffuse goiter and a fine tremor. Her thyroid function tests show a low TSH and high free T4. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 75-year-old male with hypertension and a history of transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) presents with palpitations, dizziness, and shortness of breath. His ECG shows irregularly irregular rhythm without distinct P waves. His CHA2DS2-VASc score is 4. What is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 28-year-old man presents with fever, weight loss, and chronic diarrhea. He is HIV positive with a CD4 count of 150 cells/µL. His stool culture reveals acid-fast bacilli. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 28-year-old male presents with hematuria, edema, and hypertension. His laboratory results show elevated creatinine and positive anti-streptolysin O (ASO) titer. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 32-year-old woman with a history of recurrent miscarriages presents with a new diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). She is found to have a positive lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies. What is the most likely underlying condition?

A 45-year-old woman presents with intermittent right upper quadrant pain, especially after eating fatty meals. An ultrasound reveals the presence of gallstones without evidence of gallbladder inflammation. What is the most appropriate management?

A 68-year-old man with a history of smoking presents with chronic cough, sputum production, and dyspnea on exertion. Spirometry shows a FEV1/FVC ratio of 60% and a FEV1 of 55% of predicted. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 55-year-old man with a history of alcohol use presents with sudden onset severe pain in his big toe, along with redness and swelling. His serum uric acid is elevated. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 30-year-old woman presents with episodes of blurred vision, weakness, and numbness in her left leg. These episodes last for a few days and then improve. MRI shows multiple demyelinating lesions in the periventricular white matter. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 45-year-old man presents with fever, headache, and neck stiffness. A lumbar puncture reveals an opening pressure of 200 mm H2O, elevated white blood cells with a predominance of neutrophils, low glucose, and elevated protein. What is the most likely diagnosis?