Welcome to your Test 15 Which of the following is the most potent inhalational anesthetic agent in terms of MAC? Isoflurane Sevoflurane Desflurane Nitrous Oxide None What is the primary effect of volatile anesthetics on the cardiovascular system? Increase in heart rate Decrease in systemic vascular resistance Increase in cardiac output Increased myocardial oxygen demand None Which of the following agents is associated with the highest incidence of malignant hyperthermia? Sevoflurane Halothane Nitrous oxide Propofol None Which of the following is the mechanism of action of propofol? GABA-A receptor agonism NMDA receptor antagonism Potassium channel opening Dopamine receptor antagonism None Which of the following drugs is most likely to cause a profound decrease in blood pressure when used as an adjunct to anesthesia? Ketamine Etomidate Midazolam Fentanyl None Which of the following is NOT a side effect of succinylcholine? Hyperkalemia Bradycardia Malignant hyperthermia Metabolic alkalosis None The most likely cause of postoperative hypoxia in a patient receiving general anesthesia is: Hypoventilation Pulmonary embolism Postoperative atelectasis Deep vein thrombosis None Which of the following anesthetic agents is least likely to cause respiratory depression? Ketamine Propofol Isoflurane Sevoflurane None Which of the following monitoring devices provides the most accurate real-time assessment of a patient's oxygenation status during anesthesia? Pulse oximeter End-tidal CO2 monitoring Arterial blood gas Precordial stethoscope None Which of the following intravenous anesthetic agents has the least effect on the cardiovascular system? Etomidate Propofol Ketamine Thiopental None What is the mechanism of action of local anesthetics? Inhibition of sodium channels Activation of GABA receptors Inhibition of potassium channels Activation of NMDA receptors None Which of the following factors can increase the potency of a local anesthetic? Increased pH of the solution Increased lipid solubility Decreased protein binding Increased vascularity of the area None A patient undergoing surgery develops bradycardia, hypotension, and arrhythmia after the administration of an anesthetic agent. Which of the following is most likely the cause? Anaphylactic reaction Malignant hyperthermia Neuroleptic malignant syndrome Intravascular injection of local anesthetic None Which of the following anesthetic agents is most likely to cause postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV)? Sevoflurane Propofol Desflurane Nitrous oxide None Which of the following conditions increases the risk of awareness during general anesthesia? Severe obesity Advanced age Use of muscle relaxants Use of nitrous oxide as the sole anesthetic agent None Which of the following is the most common cause of perioperative hypothermia? Surgical exposure Blood loss Anesthetic-induced vasodilation Infection None What is the primary reason for using premedication before anesthesia? To increase the depth of anesthesia To reduce patient anxiety To enhance the elimination of anesthetics To increase the risk of postoperative nausea None Which of the following drugs is most likely to cause an increase in intraocular pressure? Propofol Ketamine Etomidate Sevoflurane None Which of the following inhalational anesthetics is most likely to cause hepatotoxicity? Desflurane Isoflurane Halothane Sevoflurane None What is the primary advantage of using sevoflurane over halothane? Lower incidence of malignant hyperthermia Greater cardiovascular stability Better analgesic properties Faster induction and recovery time None Which of the following agents is most likely to be used as an adjunct for pain relief in an epidural anesthesia setting? Isoflurane Fentanyl Ketamine Nitrous Oxide None The primary cause of malignant hyperthermia is a defect in which of the following? Calcium ATPase pump Potassium channels Sodium channels Chloride channels None Which of the following inhalational anesthetics has the lowest solubility in blood, leading to rapid induction and recovery? Sevoflurane Desflurane Isoflurane Halothane None Which of the following is the most common complication of spinal anesthesia? Nausea and vomiting Post-dural puncture headache Respiratory depression Hypotension None Which of the following drugs is a potent antagonist of the opioid receptor and is used to reverse opioid-induced respiratory depression? Naloxone Flumazenil Neostigmine Atropine None Which of the following statements is true regarding etomidate? It causes significant cardiovascular depression It is associated with increased intracranial pressure It has minimal effects on adrenal function It induces significant pain on injection None Which of the following is a feature of "lipid rescue" therapy in local anesthetic toxicity? It involves the use of a high-dose steroid It helps by reducing the half-life of the anesthetic It involves the infusion of lipids to absorb the anesthetic It prevents the seizure activity directly None Which of the following intravenous anesthetic agents is associated with the least amount of pain upon injection? Propofol Etomidate Ketamine Thiopental None Which of the following is the most likely complication in a patient with a history of obstructive sleep apnea who undergoes general anesthesia? Increased risk of aspiration Increased risk of postoperative hypoventilation Inability to intubate Increased risk of airway obstruction None Which of the following inhalational anesthetics is most commonly used for induction in pediatric patients? Sevoflurane Isoflurane Desflurane Nitrous oxide None What is the most common side effect associated with the use of vasopressors during anesthesia? Tachycardia Hypertension Arrhythmias Hypotension None Which of the following is a common side effect of nitrous oxide when used in high concentrations? Decreased gastrointestinal motility Increased risk of aspiration Hypoxia Hemodynamic instability None Which of the following is the best measure to prevent post operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in high-risk patients? Administration of propofol Use of inhalational anesthetics Administration of antiemetics (e.g., ondansetron) Using nitrous oxide as the sole anesthetic agent None What is the main reason for using a "balanced anesthesia" approach? To reduce the total amount of anesthetic drugs used To minimize adverse cardiovascular effects To improve recovery times To reduce the incidence of malignant hyperthermia None Which of the following is the most important factor in determining the depth of anesthesia during general anesthesia? End-tidal CO2 levels Heart rate Inhaled anesthetic concentration Blood pressure None Which of the following intravenous agents has the potential to cause adrenal suppression when used for prolonged periods? Ketamine Etomidate Propofol Thiopental None **Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for a patient who develops acute high spinal anesthesia after the administration of a spinal block?** Administration of naloxone Trendelenburg positioning Hyperventilation IV fluids and vasopressors None Which of the following interventions is most effective in reducing the incidence of aspiration in a patient undergoing general anesthesia? Use of muscle relaxants Administering a rapid sequence induction Use of nitrous oxide Preoperative antibiotics None Which of the following is the most significant risk factor for developing postoperative delirium in elderly patients? Pre-existing cognitive impairment High doses of inhalational anesthetics Low intraoperative fluid administration Administration of opioids None Which of the following is the most significant risk of using long acting local anesthetics for regional blocks? Systemic toxicity leading to seizures Muscle weakness Respiratory depression Persistent anesthesia None Which of the following intravenous anesthetic agents causes the least respiratory depression? Propofol Etomidate Ketamine Thiopental None Which of the following is the most common cause of hypertension during anesthesia? Hypovolemia Anesthetic overdose Endotracheal intubation Pain and surgical stimuli None Which of the following is a feature of local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST)? Bradycardia and hypotension Seizures and CNS depression Decreased myocardial contractility Prolonged paralysis None Which of the following drugs is most commonly used to reverse the effects of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants? Naloxone Flumazenil Neostigmine Sugammadex None Which of the following changes in blood gas is typically seen in patients with obstructive sleep apnea after general anesthesia? Respiratory alkalosis Metabolic acidosis Respiratory acidosis Alkaline blood pH None Which of the following agents is most likely to cause a "milky" appearance in the IV line upon injection? Propofol Ketamine Etomidate Thiopental None What is the primary mechanism by which nitrous oxide exerts its anesthetic effects? GABA receptor potentiation NMDA receptor antagonism Inhibition of serotonin reuptake Potassium channel activation None Which of the following is a contraindication to the use of succinylcholine? Hypertension Hyperkalemia Hypokalemia Hypotension None Which of the following factors increases the risk of post-operative respiratory complications in patients receiving general anesthesia? Preoperative smoking Young age Hyperventilation during induction Preoperative fasting None Which of the following drugs is commonly used as a premedication to prevent nausea and vomiting after surgery? Ondansetron Propofol Ketamine Fentanyl None Time's up
