Welcome to your Test 22 A 29-year-old primigravida undergoes emergency Caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia for fetal distress. Five minutes after intrathecal injection, her blood pressure falls from 130/80 mmHg to 75/40 mmHg. Simultaneously, the fetal heart rate decreases from 145 bpm to 85 bpm. What is the most appropriate immediate management? Administer glycopyrrolate 200 µg IV Proceed immediately with surgical delivery Administer phenylephrine and ensure left uterine displacement Administer magnesium sulfate None A 4-year-old child weighing 16 kg is scheduled for adenotonsillectomy. During surgery, estimated blood loss is 250 mL. Approximately what percentage of the child's total blood volume has been lost? 15% 22% 35% 50% None A 68-year-old man is admitted to ICU with septic shock secondary to pneumonia. He is mechanically ventilated and receiving norepinephrine 0.25 µg/kg/min. His current observations are: • HR: 122 bpm • BP: 82/48 mmHg • CVP: 6 mmHg • Lactate: 5.8 mmol/L • Urine output: 10 mL/hour Bedside echocardiography demonstrates a hyperdynamic left ventricle with a small end-diastolic cavity. What is the most appropriate next step? Increase norepinephrine dose only Administer intravenous fluid bolus Start dobutamine infusion Initiate renal replacement therapy None A 62-year-old man is undergoing thoracoscopic left upper lobectomy. Thirty minutes after initiation of one-lung ventilation, oxygen saturation falls from 99% to 86% despite FiO₂ of 1.0. What is the most appropriate initial intervention? Increase tidal volume to 12 mL/kg Apply CPAP to the non-dependent lung Check position of the double-lumen tube with fibreoptic bronchoscopy Administer inhaled nitric oxide None A 30-year-old woman receives an epidural for labour analgesia. Fifteen minutes later she complains of circumoral numbness, tinnitus, and metallic taste. What is the most likely diagnosis? High spinal block Local anaesthetic systemic toxicity Amniotic fluid embolism Hypoglycaemia None A 75-year-old man is being assessed for elective colectomy. His medical history includes: • Ischaemic heart disease • Previous myocardial infarction • Insulin-dependent diabetes • Chronic kidney disease with creatinine 2.3 mg/dL According to the Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI), which factor is NOT included? History of ischaemic heart disease High-risk surgery Age greater than 70 years Serum creatinine greater than 2 mg/dL None A 56-year-old patient undergoes prolonged abdominal surgery lasting six hours. At the end of surgery, the core temperature is 34.5°C. Which mechanism contributes most to heat loss during surgery? Conduction Radiation Metabolism Evaporation from the lungs None A patient is admitted following a road traffic accident. On examination: • Eyes open to pain • Incomprehensible sounds • Withdraws from painful stimulus What is the Glasgow Coma Scale score? 6 7 8 9 None During scoliosis correction surgery with sensory evoked potential monitoring, a sudden loss of SSEP signals is noted. What is the most appropriate immediate action? Increase volatile anaesthetic concentration Ignore the finding if haemodynamics are stable Assess surgical manipulation and optimise spinal cord perfusion Administer neuromuscular blocker None A patient with known sickle cell disease presents for emergency laparotomy. Which perioperative factor is most likely to precipitate sickling? Normothermia Mild haemodilution Hyperoxia Hypoxaemia None A 32-year-old primigravida in labour is undergoing continuous fetal heart rate monitoring. The CTG demonstrates: • Baseline fetal heart rate 170 bpm • Absent baseline variability • Recurrent late decelerations with more than 50% of contractions What is the most appropriate interpretation? Normal CTG Suspicious CTG Pathological CTG Reactive CTG None A patient undergoing TIVA for intracranial aneurysm clipping has a BIS value of 18. Blood pressure and heart rate are stable. What is the most likely interpretation? Inadequate anaesthesia Excessively deep anaesthesia Equipment malfunction is certain Neuromuscular blockade failure None During laser excision of a vocal cord lesion, flames are suddenly seen emerging from the patient's mouth. What is the immediate first step? Increase fresh gas flow Disconnect oxygen supply and stop ventilation Administer bronchodilator Insert a larger endotracheal tube None A 3-year-old child weighing 15 kg requires endotracheal intubation. What is the most appropriate uncuffed endotracheal tube size? 3.5 mm 4.0 mm 4.5 mm 5.0 mm None A mechanically ventilated ICU patient suddenly develops the following flow-volume loop: • Expiratory limb demonstrates a marked scooped-out appearance. • Peak airway pressures have increased. What is the most likely diagnosis? Pulmonary oedema Bronchospasm Pneumothorax Endobronchial intubation None A patient develops the following ECG rhythm in recovery: • Irregularly irregular rhythm • No visible P waves • Ventricular rate 140/min What is the diagnosis? Atrial flutter Supraventricular tachycardia Atrial fibrillation Ventricular tachycardia None A woman with severe preeclampsia is receiving magnesium sulfate. Which clinical finding is most suggestive of magnesium toxicity? Hypertension Hyperreflexia Loss of deep tendon reflexes Tachycardia None During laparoscopic surgery, the capnograph suddenly changes from a normal square waveform to a progressively rising baseline that fails to return to zero. What is the most likely explanation? Circuit leak Rebreathing of carbon dioxide Pulmonary embolism Oesophageal intubation None Immediately after administration of cefazolin during induction, a patient develops: • BP 60/30 mmHg • HR 130/min • Bronchospasm • Generalised erythema What is the first-line treatment? Hydrocortisone Chlorpheniramine Epinephrine Salbutamol nebulisation None A term neonate weighs 3.5 kg. What is the estimated circulating blood volume? 140 mL 210 mL 280 mL 420 mL None A 28-year-old woman undergoes emergency Caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Ten minutes after delivery, she develops brisk vaginal bleeding. Estimated blood loss is 1500 mL. The uterus is soft and poorly contracted. What is the most likely cause? Uterine inversion Uterine atony Placenta accreta Amniotic fluid embolism None A 2-year-old child develops complete airway obstruction immediately following extubation after adenotonsillectomy. Which of the following is the most common cause? Pulmonary oedema Bronchospasm Laryngospasm Tracheal stenosis None A mechanically ventilated ICU patient has the following ABG: • pH: 7.28 • PaCO₂: 60 mmHg • HCO₃⁻: 27 mmol/L What is the primary acid-base disorder? Metabolic acidosis Respiratory acidosis Metabolic alkalosis Respiratory alkalosis None During surgery, train-of-four monitoring demonstrates: • Four twitches present • Significant fade noted What is the most likely interpretation? Complete neuromuscular recovery Moderate neuromuscular blockade Deep neuromuscular blockade No neuromuscular blockade None A patient undergoing major abdominal surgery develops the ECG shown below: • Tall peaked T waves • Progressive widening of the QRS complex What electrolyte abnormality should be suspected first? Hypocalcaemia Hypermagnesaemia Hyperkalaemia Hyponatraemia None A patient with severe COPD undergoes thoracic surgery. Which ventilatory strategy is most appropriate during one-lung ventilation? High tidal volume with no PEEP Low tidal volume with appropriate PEEP High respiratory rate and high tidal volume Zero PEEP and FiO₂ 0.21 None A labouring patient receiving epidural analgesia suddenly develops: • Tinnitus • Perioral numbness • Agitation • Generalised seizure What is the most appropriate next step? Midazolam alone Propofol infusion only Intravenous lipid emulsion therapy Mannitol None A head-injured patient has: • Eyes open spontaneously • Confused conversation • Localises pain What is the GCS score? 12 13 14 15 None A patient undergoing spinal surgery is monitored with motor evoked potentials (MEPs). Which anaesthetic technique best preserves MEP signals? High-dose sevoflurane Nitrous oxide-based anaesthesia TIVA with propofol and remifentanil Repeated neuromuscular blockade None A patient with septic shock remains hypotensive despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Current observations: • MAP 55 mmHg • Lactate 4.8 mmol/L Which vasopressor is recommended as first-line therapy? Dopamine Ephedrine Norepinephrine Dobutamine None A 35-year-old woman undergoes Caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Shortly after delivery, she becomes restless and complains of difficulty breathing. Her blood pressure is 60/30 mmHg, heart rate is 45/min, and she is unable to move her upper limbs. What is the most likely diagnosis? Amniotic fluid embolism Local anaesthetic systemic toxicity High spinal block Pulmonary embolism None A 6-year-old child weighing 20 kg requires fluid therapy after an overnight fast. According to the Holliday-Segar formula, what is the maintenance fluid requirement per hour? 40 mL/hr 50 mL/hr 60 mL/hr 80 mL/hr None A mechanically ventilated patient develops sudden hypotension and desaturation. Ventilator findings: • Increased peak airway pressure • Increased plateau pressure • Absent breath sounds on the right side What is the most likely diagnosis? Bronchospasm Pulmonary embolism Tension pneumothorax Circuit leak None A patient undergoing general anaesthesia demonstrates the following capnography trace: • Gradually rising expiratory upstroke • Slanted alveolar plateau What is the most likely diagnosis? Bronchospasm Oesophageal intubation Circuit disconnection Pulmonary embolism None A patient develops ventricular fibrillation during surgery. What is the first priority? Administer amiodarone Immediate defibrillation Administer epinephrine Check arterial blood gas None A patient scheduled for lung resection has an FEV₁ of 35% predicted. What is the most important concern? Increased risk of difficult intubation Increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications Increased risk of malignant hyperthermia Increased risk of awareness None A labouring patient has the following CTG: • Baseline 140 bpm • Moderate variability • Accelerations present • No decelerations How should this trace be classified? Pathological Suspicious Normal Non-reassuring None A patient with acute porphyria presents for emergency surgery. Which induction agent should generally be considered safe? Thiopentone Etomidate Propofol Ketamine None During prolonged spinal surgery, the surgeon requests motor evoked potential monitoring. Which anaesthetic drug is most likely to interfere significantly with MEP interpretation? Remifentanil Propofol Rocuronium Dexmedetomidine None A septic ICU patient has: • MAP 68 mmHg • Lactate 6 mmol/L • ScvO₂ 52% What does the low ScvO₂ most likely indicate? Excess oxygen delivery Inadequate oxygen delivery relative to demand Hyperoxia Reduced oxygen extraction None A 34-year-old woman with severe preeclampsia is receiving magnesium sulfate infusion. During assessment, the nurse reports a respiratory rate of 8 breaths/min and absent patellar reflexes. What is the most appropriate immediate management? Increase magnesium infusion Administer calcium gluconate Administer labetalol Perform emergency Caesarean section None A 5-year-old child weighing 18 kg is scheduled for inguinal hernia repair. What is the estimated blood volume? 900 mL 1260 mL 1440 mL 1800 mL None A ventilated ICU patient suddenly develops: • ETCO₂ drop from 35 mmHg to 12 mmHg • Tachycardia • Hypotension • Increased dead space ventilation What is the most likely diagnosis? Bronchospasm Pulmonary embolism Endobronchial intubation Hyperthermia None During general anaesthesia, train-of-four monitoring demonstrates no twitches. Post-tetanic count is 2. What is the best description of the level of blockade? Mild blockade Moderate blockade Deep blockade Complete recovery None A patient develops a wide-complex tachycardia at 180 bpm during surgery. The rhythm is regular and no P waves are visible. What is the most likely diagnosis? Atrial fibrillation Atrial flutter Ventricular tachycardia Sinus tachycardia None During one-lung ventilation, oxygen saturation decreases to 88%. DLT position has been confirmed bronchoscopically. What is the next most appropriate intervention? Remove the DLT Apply CPAP to the non-dependent lung Stop surgery immediately Administer furosemide None A CTG demonstrates recurrent variable decelerations with preserved baseline variability. What is the most likely cause? Umbilical cord compression Uteroplacental insufficiency Maternal hypoglycaemia Fetal anaemia None A patient with sickle cell disease presents for emergency laparotomy. Which perioperative measure is most important to minimize sickling? Deliberate hypothermia Restrictive fluid therapy Maintain oxygenation and normothermia Hyperventilation to PaCO₂ of 25 mmHg None A patient undergoing craniotomy demonstrates a BIS value of 92 despite receiving propofol infusion. Blood pressure and heart rate are increasing. What is the most likely interpretation? Excessively deep anaesthesia Inadequate hypnotic depth Equipment failure is certain Excess neuromuscular blockade None A patient with septic shock remains hypotensive despite norepinephrine 0.4 µg/kg/min. MAP is 58 mmHg. What is the most appropriate additional vasopressor? Vasopressin Ephedrine Glycopyrrolate Esmolol None A 30-year-old woman undergoes emergency Caesarean section for fetal distress. Following delivery, the neonate is noted to have poor respiratory effort, hypotonia, and a heart rate of 90/min. The mother received repeated doses of intravenous fentanyl during labour. What is the most likely cause? Neonatal sepsis Neonatal opioid-induced respiratory depression Congenital heart disease Meconium aspiration None A 10-month-old infant weighing 9 kg presents for pyloromyotomy. What is the estimated blood volume? 450 mL 630 mL 720 mL 900 mL None A patient with ARDS is receiving lung-protective ventilation. Which tidal volume is recommended? 4–6 mL/kg predicted body weight 8–10 mL/kg predicted body weight 10–12 mL/kg predicted body weight 15 mL/kg actual body weight None A patient undergoing laparoscopic surgery develops: • ETCO₂ rising from 38 to 60 mmHg • Tachycardia • Increasing temperature • Generalised muscle rigidity What is the most likely diagnosis? CO₂ embolism Thyroid storm Malignant hyperthermia Bronchospasm None A patient develops the following ECG abnormality: • Prolonged QT interval Which electrolyte abnormality is most commonly associated? Hypercalcaemia Hyperkalaemia Hypocalcaemia Hypernatraemia None A patient undergoing thoracic surgery develops severe hypoxaemia during OLV despite optimal positioning and CPAP. What physiological mechanism normally helps maintain oxygenation during OLV? Increased dead space ventilation Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction Hypercapnic vasodilation Increased pulmonary shunt None A labouring patient develops sudden maternal hypotension after epidural top-up. Shortly afterward, fetal bradycardia develops. What is the most likely mechanism? Increased fetal oxygen consumption Reduced uteroplacental perfusion Fetal arrhythmia Umbilical cord prolapse None A patient with acute intermittent porphyria requires emergency surgery. Which drug should generally be avoided? Propofol Fentanyl Thiopentone Atracurium None During scoliosis surgery, SSEP amplitude suddenly decreases by 60%. Blood pressure is 60/35 mmHg. What is the most appropriate immediate action? Increase volatile anaesthetic concentration Correct hypotension Administer neuromuscular blocker Continue surgery without intervention None A septic ICU patient has: • Lactate 7 mmol/L • MAP 70 mmHg • Urine output 0.2 mL/kg/hr What does the elevated lactate most strongly suggest? Adequate tissue perfusion Ongoing tissue hypoperfusion Respiratory alkalosis Hyperoxia None A 26-year-old woman undergoes emergency Caesarean section under general anaesthesia. Immediately after induction, direct laryngoscopy reveals a Cormack-Lehane Grade IV view. Mask ventilation remains adequate and oxygen saturation is 100%. What is the most appropriate next step? Continue repeated laryngoscopy attempts Wake the patient if clinically feasible and follow the difficult airway algorithm Perform immediate surgical airway Administer additional muscle relaxant and persist with intubation attempts None A 4-year-old child weighing 20 kg requires emergency fluid resuscitation following trauma. What is the recommended initial crystalloid bolus? 50 mL 100 mL 200 mL 400 mL None A mechanically ventilated ICU patient has: • Plateau pressure: 34 cmH₂O • Peak pressure: 36 cmH₂O What does this finding most strongly suggest? Increased airway resistance Reduced lung compliance Circuit leak Bronchospasm None During laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the surgeon accidentally damages a major blood vessel. The patient becomes hypotensive and tachycardic. Which physiological response is expected first? Bradycardia Increased sympathetic activity Reduced catecholamine release Increased vagal tone None A patient receiving massive transfusion develops: • Prolonged QT interval • Hypotension • Tetany What is the most likely cause? Hyperkalaemia Hypocalcaemia Hypernatraemia Hypomagnesaemia None A patient undergoing lung isolation develops persistent hypoxaemia. Which intervention is most likely to worsen oxygenation? Applying CPAP to the operative lung Applying PEEP to the dependent lung Administering a potent pulmonary vasodilator Confirming DLT position None A labouring patient develops recurrent late decelerations after spinal anaesthesia. Blood pressure is 70/40 mmHg. What is the most appropriate first treatment? Emergency Caesarean section Phenylephrine administration Magnesium sulfate Amiodarone None A patient with severe sickle cell disease develops postoperative chest pain, hypoxaemia, and pulmonary infiltrates. What is the most likely diagnosis? Acute chest syndrome Myocardial infarction Pulmonary oedema Pneumothorax None During spine surgery, MEP signals suddenly disappear. Blood pressure, temperature, and anaesthetic depth are unchanged. What should be considered next? Surgical spinal cord injury Hyperglycaemia Hyponatraemia Low BIS None A septic patient has: • MAP 68 mmHg • Cardiac index 1.8 L/min/m² • ScvO₂ 48% • Lactate 5.5 mmol/L What is the most appropriate additional therapy? Dobutamine Atropine Furosemide Adenosine None A 31-year-old primigravida receiving oxytocin augmentation develops recurrent fetal bradycardia. CTG demonstrates a fetal heart rate of 80 bpm lasting more than 3 minutes. Uterine contractions are occurring every minute. What is the most appropriate immediate management? Increase oxytocin infusion Stop oxytocin infusion and initiate intrauterine resuscitation Administer magnesium sulfate Proceed directly to forceps delivery None A 6-month-old infant weighing 7 kg is scheduled for pyloromyotomy. Which electrolyte abnormality is classically associated with pyloric stenosis? Hyperkalaemic metabolic acidosis Hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis Hypernatraemic metabolic acidosis Respiratory acidosis None A mechanically ventilated patient has the following ventilator parameters: • Peak pressure: 42 cmH₂O • Plateau pressure: 22 cmH₂O What is the most likely explanation? Reduced lung compliance Increased airway resistance Pneumothorax Pulmonary oedema None During laparoscopic surgery, the capnograph suddenly becomes completely flat. Blood pressure and oxygen saturation remain normal. What is the most likely cause? Malignant hyperthermia Circuit disconnection Bronchospasm Pulmonary embolism None A patient develops pulseless ventricular tachycardia in the operating theatre. What is the next step after delivering the first shock? Immediate pulse check Resume chest compressions Administer amiodarone Obtain arterial blood gas None A patient undergoing thoracic surgery develops severe hypoxaemia. Which factor is most likely to impair hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction? Mild hypoxia High-dose volatile anaesthesia Lateral decubitus position One-lung ventilation None A woman with severe postpartum haemorrhage receives: • 8 units packed red cells • 8 units FFP • 1 adult dose platelets Despite transfusion, bleeding continues. What coagulation abnormality should be suspected? Hypercalcaemia Hypofibrinogenaemia Hypernatraemia Hypermagnesaemia None A child develops inspiratory stridor immediately following extubation. The oxygen saturation falls to 85%. What is the most appropriate initial intervention? Immediate tracheostomy Jaw thrust with 100% oxygen and CPAP Intravenous antibiotics Defibrillation None During spine surgery, the anaesthetist is asked to facilitate motor evoked potential monitoring. Which drug is most likely to interfere with MEP interpretation? Propofol Remifentanil Rocuronium infusion Dexmedetomidine None A patient with septic shock demonstrates: • Lactate 8 mmol/L • MAP 65 mmHg • Urine output 0.1 mL/kg/hr • Cool peripheries What is the most likely interpretation? Adequate resuscitation Persistent tissue hypoperfusion Hyperdynamic circulation Measurement error None A 29-year-old woman with severe preeclampsia is undergoing emergency Caesarean section. Her platelet count is 58,000/mm³. What is the most important concern regarding neuraxial anaesthesia? Local anaesthetic toxicity Epidural haematoma High spinal block Post-dural puncture headache None A 3-year-old child weighing 15 kg requires emergency blood transfusion following trauma. The child's haemoglobin is 5 g/dL. What is the expected rise in haemoglobin after transfusing 10 mL/kg packed red cells? Approximately 0.5 g/dL Approximately 1 g/dL Approximately 2 g/dL Approximately 4 g/dL None A ventilated ICU patient develops: • Acute hypoxaemia • Hypotension • Distended neck veins • Unilateral absent breath sounds What is the most appropriate immediate management? Chest X-ray first Needle decompression Increase FiO₂ only CT thorax None During laparoscopic surgery, ETCO₂ gradually rises despite increasing minute ventilation. The patient develops tachycardia, hyperthermia, and metabolic acidosis. What is the definitive treatment? Sodium bicarbonate Dantrolene Calcium gluconate Magnesium sulfate None An ECG demonstrates: • Absent P waves • Irregularly irregular ventricular rhythm • Narrow QRS complexes What is the diagnosis? Ventricular tachycardia Atrial flutter Atrial fibrillation Sinus tachycardia None A patient undergoing one-lung ventilation develops persistent hypoxaemia despite CPAP and confirmed DLT position. What manoeuvre may provide temporary improvement? Temporary two-lung ventilation Increasing volatile concentration Removing PEEP from the dependent lung Administering diuretics None A labouring patient develops sudden chest pain, hypoxaemia, severe hypotension, and coagulopathy immediately after delivery. What is the most likely diagnosis? Pulmonary embolism High spinal block Amniotic fluid embolism Myocardial infarction None A neonate has: • Heart rate 80/min • Poor respiratory effort What is the most appropriate next step in neonatal resuscitation? Chest compressions immediately Positive pressure ventilation Adrenaline immediately Defibrillation None During spinal surgery, SSEP amplitude decreases by 70%. Mean arterial pressure is 50 mmHg. What is the most likely explanation? Improved spinal cord perfusion Spinal cord hypoperfusion Hyperglycaemia Hypernatraemia None A septic ICU patient has: • Lactate 6 mmol/L • ScvO₂ 50% • Haemoglobin 6.5 g/dL What intervention is most likely to improve oxygen delivery? Blood transfusion Furosemide Sodium bicarbonate Adenosine None A 36-year-old woman undergoing emergency Caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia suddenly complains of nausea and dizziness. Her blood pressure falls from 135/80 mmHg to 75/40 mmHg and fetal bradycardia develops. Which physiological mechanism best explains the fetal heart rate change? Increased fetal oxygen consumption Maternal hyperventilation Reduced uteroplacental perfusion Fetal arrhythmia None A 2-year-old child weighing 12 kg presents with severe dehydration secondary to gastroenteritis. What is the estimated circulating blood volume? 600 mL 840 mL 960 mL 1200 mL None A mechanically ventilated ICU patient develops worsening oxygenation despite FiO₂ 1.0. Chest X-ray demonstrates bilateral diffuse infiltrates. PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio is 90. What is the most likely diagnosis? Cardiogenic pulmonary oedema Severe ARDS Pulmonary embolism Bronchospasm None During anaesthesia, a patient develops the following capnograph: • Sudden fall in ETCO₂ from 36 mmHg to 8 mmHg • Blood pressure simultaneously decreases What diagnosis should be considered first? Bronchospasm Pulmonary embolism Malignant hyperthermia Rebreathing None A patient develops ventricular fibrillation during surgery. After three shocks and administration of epinephrine, ventricular fibrillation persists. Which drug should now be administered? Adenosine Verapamil Amiodarone Atropine None A patient undergoing thoracic surgery develops hypoxaemia during OLV. Which factor contributes most to hypoxaemia during OLV? Increased dead space Right-to-left intrapulmonary shunt Hyperventilation Increased oxygen consumption None A postpartum patient develops severe haemorrhage. ROTEM demonstrates markedly reduced clot amplitude consistent with low fibrinogen. Which blood product is most appropriate? Packed red cells Fresh frozen plasma Cryoprecipitate Platelets None A neonate is born at term. What is the approximate normal heart rate immediately after successful neonatal resuscitation? 40–60/min 60–80/min 80–100/min 120–160/min None During scoliosis surgery, motor evoked potentials suddenly disappear. Which anaesthetic change is most likely to improve monitoring quality? Increase sevoflurane concentration Start nitrous oxide Reduce volatile anaesthetic concentration and continue TIVA Administer additional rocuronium None A patient with septic shock has: • MAP 66 mmHg • Lactate 5.5 mmol/L • ScvO₂ 45% • Cardiac index 1.7 L/min/m² What is the most likely haemodynamic problem? Excess oxygen delivery High cardiac output septic shock Inadequate oxygen delivery due to low cardiac output Measurement artifact None Name Email Time's up
