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Welcome to your Test 13
Which of the following is the primary mechanism of action for local anaesthetics?
Inhibition of GABA receptors
Blockage of voltage-gated sodium channels
Activation of potassium channels
Inhibition of NMDA receptors
None
Which of the following agents is least likely to cause malignant hyperthermia?
Sevoflurane
Isoflurane
Desflurane
Nitrous oxide
None
Which of the following is the most common cause of perioperative hypotension in patients under general anaesthesia?
Inadequate fluid replacement
Overdose of anaesthetic agents
Sympathetic nervous system blockade
End-organ hypoperfusion
None
Which of the following is the most important consideration when selecting an anaesthetic for a patient with a history of porphyria?
Avoiding inhalational agents
Avoiding barbiturates
Avoiding succinylcholine
Monitoring serum potassium levels
None
What is the primary mechanism through which propofol induces sedation?
Potentiation of GABA receptor activity
Inhibition of NMDA receptors
Activation of glycine receptors
Blockage of serotonin reuptake
None
Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for intraoperative anaphylaxis induced by an anaesthetic agent?
Epinephrine
Hydrocortisone
Naloxone
Diphenhydramine
None
Which of the following is associated with the longest duration of action in regional anaesthesia?
Lidocaine
Bupivacaine
Mepivacaine
Ropivacaine
None
What is the primary cause of "cuffed" endotracheal tube complications in patients with difficult airways?
Over-inflation of the cuff
Use of too large a tube
Trauma from cuff placement
Inadequate sedation
None
Which of the following can cause an increase in the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of an inhaled anaesthetic?
Pregnancy
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothermia
Chronic alcohol use
None
Which of the following is a contraindication to the use of succinylcholine for rapid sequence intubation?
Hyperkalemia
Obesity
Hypertension
Asthma
None
What is the most common complication of central venous catheter insertion?
Pneumothorax
Air embolism
Infection
Hematoma
None
Which of the following statements about the use of nitrous oxide in anaesthesia is true?
Nitrous oxide is a potent muscle relaxant.
Nitrous oxide has no effect on cerebral blood flow.
Nitrous oxide can lead to vitamin B12 deficiency with prolonged use.
Nitrous oxide does not increase the risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
None
Which of the following is the most likely cause of bradycardia during general anaesthesia?
Vagal stimulation due to laryngoscopy
Sympathetic nervous system stimulation
Blood loss
Hypercarbia
None
Which of the following anaesthetic agents has the least effect on heart rate?
Sevoflurane
Isoflurane
Desflurane
Halothane
None
Which of the following is the primary reason why opioids are often combined with local anaesthetics in regional anaesthesia?
To reduce the dose of the local anaesthetic
To increase the duration of anaesthesia
To prevent the systemic side effects of local anaesthetics
To enhance the quality of the block and reduce the risk of complications
None
Which of the following statements regarding the use of dexmedetomidine in anaesthesia is true?
It is an opioid analgesic.
It causes profound respiratory depression.
It acts as an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist.
It increases the MAC of inhaled anaesthetics.
None
What is the primary cause of "stages of anaesthesia" as described by Guedel's classification?
Changes in the central nervous system
Increasing doses of local anaesthetics
Inhalation of high concentrations of nitrous oxide
Blockade of acetylcholine receptors
None
Which of the following is the most likely consequence of excessive intravenous administration of propofol?
Respiratory depression
Hypertension
Hypoglycemia
Tachycardia
None
Which of the following conditions is most commonly associated with difficult airway management?
Obesity
Asthma
Pregnancy
Sleep apnea
None
Which of the following electrolyte abnormalities is commonly associated with prolonged use of nitrous oxide in anaesthesia?
Hypokalemia
Hypomagnesemia
Hypercalcemia
Hypernatremia
None
What is the most significant risk factor for awareness during general anaesthesia?
Use of non-volatile anaesthetics
Inadequate dosage of anaesthetics
Decreased liver function
Patient age
None
Which of the following is the most common side effect of the use of opioids in anaesthesia?
Hypotension
Nausea and vomiting
Tachycardia
Respiratory depression
None
Which anaesthetic agent is most associated with hepatotoxicity?
Sevoflurane
Isoflurane
Halothane
Desflurane
None
Which of the following is the most common complication of epidural anaesthesia?
Post-dural puncture headache
Nerve injury
Epidural abscess
Hypotension
None
Which of the following monitoring devices is most commonly used to assess the depth of anaesthesia during surgery?
Pulse oximeter
Bispectral index (BIS) monitor
Capnograph
ECG
None
Which of the following conditions would most likely require the use of a neuromuscular blocking agent for endotracheal intubation?
Severe asthma
Obesity
Cervical spine injury
Airway obstruction from edema
None
What is the primary mechanism through which sevoflurane causes anaesthesia?
Inhibition of sodium channels
GABA receptor activation
NMDA receptor antagonism
Inhibition of acetylcholine release
None
Which of the following drugs should be avoided in patients with a history of pseudocholinesterase deficiency?
Succinylcholine
Rocuronium
Vecuronium
Atracurium
None
Which of the following agents is most commonly used to reverse the effects of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers?
Naloxone
Neostigmine
Sugammadex
Flumazenil
None
Which of the following is the most likely consequence of administering large amounts of intravenous fluids during surgery?
Hypernatremia
Pulmonary edema
Hypokalemia
Cerebral vasoconstriction
None
Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for a patient who develops severe bradycardia after the administration of a high dose of opioids?
Atropine
Naloxone
Epinephrine
Calcium chloride
None
Which of the following agents is most likely to cause an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP)?
Propofol
Isoflurane
Nitrous oxide
Sevoflurane
None
Which of the following anaesthetic drugs is least likely to cause respiratory depression?
Propofol
Fentanyl
Ketamine
Sevoflurane
None
What is the most common cause of perioperative hypothermia in patients undergoing general anaesthesia?
Low ambient temperature
Administration of cold intravenous fluids
Inhibition of thermoregulation by anaesthetic agents
Blood loss
None
Which of the following conditions is a contraindication for the use of nitrous oxide?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Recent abdominal surgery
Pregnancy (first trimester)
Myasthenia gravis
None
Which of the following statements regarding the pharmacokinetics of propofol is true?
It has a long half-life and can cause prolonged sedation after a single dose.
It is metabolized in the liver and eliminated via the kidneys.
It undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism in the lungs.
It has no effect on cardiovascular function.
None
Which of the following local anaesthetics has the fastest onset of action?
Bupivacaine
Lidocaine
Ropivacaine
Mepivacaine
None
Which of the following is the primary disadvantage of using sevoflurane as an inhalational anaesthetic in pediatrics?
Prolonged recovery time
Risk of nephrotoxicity
Risk of malignant hyperthermia
High incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting
None
Which of the following changes occurs with the administration of high-dose inhalational anaesthetics?
Increased systemic vascular resistance
Increased cardiac output
Decreased blood pressure
Increased respiratory rate
None
Which of the following is the most appropriate intervention for preventing post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in high-risk surgical patients?
Administering metoclopramide preoperatively
Using dexamethasone and a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist
Encouraging early oral intake postoperatively
Reducing the dosage of anaesthetic agents during surgery
None
Which of the following is the primary reason why ketamine is particularly useful in patients with trauma or hypovolemic shock?
It provides deep sedation without respiratory depression.
It increases sympathetic tone, preserving blood pressure.
It provides excellent muscle relaxation.
It does not require airway protection.
None
Which of the following agents is most likely to cause a significant increase in the risk of bleeding during surgery?
Ketamine
Nitrous oxide
Desflurane
Heparin
None
Which of the following is the most appropriate anaesthetic technique for a patient with a large anterior mediastinal mass and suspected airway obstruction?
General anaesthesia with a muscle relaxant
Awake fibreoptic intubation
Regional anaesthesia
Deep sedation with nasal oxygen
None
Which of the following drugs is used to reverse opioid induced respiratory depression?
Flumazenil
Naloxone
Sugammadex
Neostigmine
None
Which of the following is the most common cause of intraoperative awareness under general anaesthesia?
Equipment malfunction
Inadequate anaesthetic dose
Patient movement
Hypoventilation
None
What is the primary purpose of using a pulse oximeter during anaesthesia?
To assess the depth of anaesthesia
To monitor blood pressure
To measure the patient’s oxygen saturation
To assess the carbon dioxide levels
None
Which of the following anaesthetic drugs has the least effect on uterine tone and is preferred in obstetric anaesthesia?
Sevoflurane
Nitrous oxide
Isoflurane
Propofol
None
Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause an increased response to local anaesthetic agents?
Hypotension
Hypercapnia
Hyperthyroidism
Liver failure
None
Which of the following is the most likely cause of "silent" hypoxia in anaesthetized patients?
Low cardiac output
Impaired ventilation
Acute respiratory acidosis
Pulmonary embolism
None
Which of the following is the most important factor when considering anaesthesia in a patient with a history of difficult intubation?
Use of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants
Preoperative airway assessment and planning
Avoiding volatile anaesthetics
Intraoperative blood pressure monitoring
None
None
Time's up
