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Welcome to your Test 15
Which of the following is the most potent inhalational anesthetic agent in terms of MAC?
Isoflurane
Sevoflurane
Desflurane
Nitrous Oxide
None
What is the primary effect of volatile anesthetics on the cardiovascular system?
Increase in heart rate
Decrease in systemic vascular resistance
Increase in cardiac output
Increased myocardial oxygen demand
None
Which of the following agents is associated with the highest incidence of malignant hyperthermia?
Sevoflurane
Halothane
Nitrous oxide
Propofol
None
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of propofol?
GABA-A receptor agonism
NMDA receptor antagonism
Potassium channel opening
Dopamine receptor antagonism
None
Which of the following drugs is most likely to cause a profound decrease in blood pressure when used as an adjunct to anesthesia?
Ketamine
Etomidate
Midazolam
Fentanyl
None
Which of the following is NOT a side effect of succinylcholine?
Hyperkalemia
Bradycardia
Malignant hyperthermia
Metabolic alkalosis
None
The most likely cause of postoperative hypoxia in a patient receiving general anesthesia is:
Hypoventilation
Pulmonary embolism
Postoperative atelectasis
Deep vein thrombosis
None
Which of the following anesthetic agents is least likely to cause respiratory depression?
Ketamine
Propofol
Isoflurane
Sevoflurane
None
Which of the following monitoring devices provides the most accurate real-time assessment of a patient's oxygenation status during anesthesia?
Pulse oximeter
End-tidal CO2 monitoring
Arterial blood gas
Precordial stethoscope
None
Which of the following intravenous anesthetic agents has the least effect on the cardiovascular system?
Etomidate
Propofol
Ketamine
Thiopental
None
What is the mechanism of action of local anesthetics?
Inhibition of sodium channels
Activation of GABA receptors
Inhibition of potassium channels
Activation of NMDA receptors
None
Which of the following factors can increase the potency of a local anesthetic?
Increased pH of the solution
Increased lipid solubility
Decreased protein binding
Increased vascularity of the area
None
A patient undergoing surgery develops bradycardia, hypotension, and arrhythmia after the administration of an anesthetic agent. Which of the following is most likely the cause?
Anaphylactic reaction
Malignant hyperthermia
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Intravascular injection of local anesthetic
None
Which of the following anesthetic agents is most likely to cause postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV)?
Sevoflurane
Propofol
Desflurane
Nitrous oxide
None
Which of the following conditions increases the risk of awareness during general anesthesia?
Severe obesity
Advanced age
Use of muscle relaxants
Use of nitrous oxide as the sole anesthetic agent
None
Which of the following is the most common cause of perioperative hypothermia?
Surgical exposure
Blood loss
Anesthetic-induced vasodilation
Infection
None
What is the primary reason for using premedication before anesthesia?
To increase the depth of anesthesia
To reduce patient anxiety
To enhance the elimination of anesthetics
To increase the risk of postoperative nausea
None
Which of the following drugs is most likely to cause an increase in intraocular pressure?
Propofol
Ketamine
Etomidate
Sevoflurane
None
Which of the following inhalational anesthetics is most likely to cause hepatotoxicity?
Desflurane
Isoflurane
Halothane
Sevoflurane
None
What is the primary advantage of using sevoflurane over halothane?
Lower incidence of malignant hyperthermia
Greater cardiovascular stability
Better analgesic properties
Faster induction and recovery time
None
Which of the following agents is most likely to be used as an adjunct for pain relief in an epidural anesthesia setting?
Isoflurane
Fentanyl
Ketamine
Nitrous Oxide
None
The primary cause of malignant hyperthermia is a defect in which of the following?
Calcium ATPase pump
Potassium channels
Sodium channels
Chloride channels
None
Which of the following inhalational anesthetics has the lowest solubility in blood, leading to rapid induction and recovery?
Sevoflurane
Desflurane
Isoflurane
Halothane
None
Which of the following is the most common complication of spinal anesthesia?
Nausea and vomiting
Post-dural puncture headache
Respiratory depression
Hypotension
None
Which of the following drugs is a potent antagonist of the opioid receptor and is used to reverse opioid-induced respiratory depression?
Naloxone
Flumazenil
Neostigmine
Atropine
None
Which of the following statements is true regarding etomidate?
It causes significant cardiovascular depression
It is associated with increased intracranial pressure
It has minimal effects on adrenal function
It induces significant pain on injection
None
Which of the following is a feature of "lipid rescue" therapy in local anesthetic toxicity?
It involves the use of a high-dose steroid
It helps by reducing the half-life of the anesthetic
It involves the infusion of lipids to absorb the anesthetic
It prevents the seizure activity directly
None
Which of the following intravenous anesthetic agents is associated with the least amount of pain upon injection?
Propofol
Etomidate
Ketamine
Thiopental
None
Which of the following is the most likely complication in a patient with a history of obstructive sleep apnea who undergoes general anesthesia?
Increased risk of aspiration
Increased risk of postoperative hypoventilation
Inability to intubate
Increased risk of airway obstruction
None
Which of the following inhalational anesthetics is most commonly used for induction in pediatric patients?
Sevoflurane
Isoflurane
Desflurane
Nitrous oxide
None
What is the most common side effect associated with the use of vasopressors during anesthesia?
Tachycardia
Hypertension
Arrhythmias
Hypotension
None
Which of the following is a common side effect of nitrous oxide when used in high concentrations?
Decreased gastrointestinal motility
Increased risk of aspiration
Hypoxia
Hemodynamic instability
None
Which of the following is the best measure to prevent post operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in high-risk patients?
Administration of propofol
Use of inhalational anesthetics
Administration of antiemetics (e.g., ondansetron)
Using nitrous oxide as the sole anesthetic agent
None
What is the main reason for using a "balanced anesthesia" approach?
To reduce the total amount of anesthetic drugs used
To minimize adverse cardiovascular effects
To improve recovery times
To reduce the incidence of malignant hyperthermia
None
Which of the following is the most important factor in determining the depth of anesthesia during general anesthesia?
End-tidal CO2 levels
Heart rate
Inhaled anesthetic concentration
Blood pressure
None
Which of the following intravenous agents has the potential to cause adrenal suppression when used for prolonged periods?
Ketamine
Etomidate
Propofol
Thiopental
None
**Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for a patient who develops acute high spinal anesthesia after the administration of a spinal block?**
Administration of naloxone
Trendelenburg positioning
Hyperventilation
IV fluids and vasopressors
None
Which of the following interventions is most effective in reducing the incidence of aspiration in a patient undergoing general anesthesia?
Use of muscle relaxants
Administering a rapid sequence induction
Use of nitrous oxide
Preoperative antibiotics
None
Which of the following is the most significant risk factor for developing postoperative delirium in elderly patients?
Pre-existing cognitive impairment
High doses of inhalational anesthetics
Low intraoperative fluid administration
Administration of opioids
None
Which of the following is the most significant risk of using long acting local anesthetics for regional blocks?
Systemic toxicity leading to seizures
Muscle weakness
Respiratory depression
Persistent anesthesia
None
Which of the following intravenous anesthetic agents causes the least respiratory depression?
Propofol
Etomidate
Ketamine
Thiopental
None
Which of the following is the most common cause of hypertension during anesthesia?
Hypovolemia
Anesthetic overdose
Endotracheal intubation
Pain and surgical stimuli
None
Which of the following is a feature of local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST)?
Bradycardia and hypotension
Seizures and CNS depression
Decreased myocardial contractility
Prolonged paralysis
None
Which of the following drugs is most commonly used to reverse the effects of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants?
Naloxone
Flumazenil
Neostigmine
Sugammadex
None
Which of the following changes in blood gas is typically seen in patients with obstructive sleep apnea after general anesthesia?
Respiratory alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory acidosis
Alkaline blood pH
None
Which of the following agents is most likely to cause a "milky" appearance in the IV line upon injection?
Propofol
Ketamine
Etomidate
Thiopental
None
What is the primary mechanism by which nitrous oxide exerts its anesthetic effects?
GABA receptor potentiation
NMDA receptor antagonism
Inhibition of serotonin reuptake
Potassium channel activation
None
Which of the following is a contraindication to the use of succinylcholine?
Hypertension
Hyperkalemia
Hypokalemia
Hypotension
None
Which of the following factors increases the risk of post-operative respiratory complications in patients receiving general anesthesia?
Preoperative smoking
Young age
Hyperventilation during induction
Preoperative fasting
None
Which of the following drugs is commonly used as a premedication to prevent nausea and vomiting after surgery?
Ondansetron
Propofol
Ketamine
Fentanyl
None
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