1.
Which of the following is the most common side effect of opioids during anaesthesia?
2.
Opioids such as morphine and fentanyl are commonly used for pain management during anaesthesia. One of the most significant side effects is respiratory depression, which occurs due to their action on the brainstem's respiratory centres, leading to reduced respiratory rate and tidal volume.
3.
What is the mechanism of action of propofol?
4.
Which of the following anaesthetic agents is most likely to cause malignant hyperthermia?
5.
Which of the following is the primary action of local anaesthetics?
6.
Which of the following is the most appropriate monitoring technique for a patient receiving general anaesthesia?
7.
Which of the following drugs is most likely to cause dose-dependent cardiovascular depression?
8.
What is the main advantage of using a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) over an endotracheal tube (ETT)?
9.
Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of succinylcholine?
10.
Which type of anaesthesia is best for a patient undergoing a small outpatient procedure with minimal post-operative pain?
11.
Which of the following is a common complication of regional anaesthesia?
12.
What is the most appropriate treatment for acute opioid overdose during anaesthesia?
13.
Which of the following inhalational anaesthetics is most commonly associated with hepatotoxicity?
14.
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of dexmedetomidine?
15.
In which of the following scenarios is the use of ketamine most beneficial?
16.
Which of the following anaesthetic agents has the fastest onset and shortest duration of action?
17.
Which of the following is the most common cause of perioperative myocardial infarction?
18.
Which of the following is a potential side effect of using high doses of lidocaine?
19.
Which of the following agents is commonly used for induction of general anaesthesia in patients with a difficult airway?
20.
What is the main advantage of using regional anaesthesia in certain surgeries?
21.
A 60-year-old male with hypertension, diabetes, and a history of smoking is scheduled for elective abdominal surgery. His preoperative ECG shows evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and ST-segment changes. Which of the following would be the most appropriate anaesthetic strategy for this patient?
22.
A 32-year-old woman presents for a scheduled cesarean section. She is otherwise healthy, but she has a history of a difficult intubation. During preoperative assessment, she expresses concern about the possibility of an airway emergency. Which of the following is the most appropriate strategy to manage her airway for the procedure?
23.
A 70-year-old male with a history of coronary artery disease (CAD), type 2 diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is scheduled for hip replacement surgery. His preoperative assessment reveals a reduced forced expiratory volume (FEV1), and his ECG shows old inferior myocardial infarction (MI). Which of the following is the most appropriate anaesthetic plan for this patient?
24.
A 45-year-old male is undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. His BMI is 36 kg/m², and he is otherwise healthy. After induction with propofol and fentanyl, he is found to have difficult mask ventilation, but his endotracheal intubation proceeds without difficulty. Which of the following is the most likely cause of his ventilation difficulty?
25.
Which of the following is the most appropriate immediate intervention?
26.
A 55-year-old male with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and on hemodialysis presents for a major abdominal surgery. Which of the following anaesthetic agents requires special consideration due to the patient's renal dysfunction?
27.
A 35-year-old female with a history of asthma and anaphylaxis to latex is scheduled for an elective laparoscopy. Which of the following precautions is the most important to take before the surgery?
28.
A 60-year-old patient with a history of chronic alcoholism is undergoing major surgery. The patient has not consumed alcohol for 24 hours before the surgery. Which of the following is the most appropriate management strategy for this patient in the perioperative period?
29.
A 40-year-old male with a history of asthma is undergoing a hernia repair under general anaesthesia. After induction, he develops wheezing and increased difficulty breathing. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step?
30.
A 55-year-old male with a history of atrial fibrillation and a mechanical heart valve is scheduled for elective surgery. Which of the following is the most important perioperative consideration?
